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History of Ming and Qing Dynasties 40 Humen sells cigarettes

Duration: 0:08:46

This Chinese historical story talks about the silence symbol of the Opium War, where the Chinese emperor faced the severe effects of opium trade by British forces. The British had been exporting opium to China, leading to addiction, disease, and an economic crisis throughout the country. The emperor enacted several measures, but nothing seemed to work until he received an ordinance from Lin Zexu, who outlined six measures to ban the opium trade in China. The emperor was pleased with the results and assigned Lin Zexu to oversee the ban.

Language: Chinese
Topics: ChinaOpium War

Beijing's Green Olympics Faces Challenges

Duration: 0:11:18

The Chinese government aims to increase its international influence through the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing. However, the city faces political pressure from countries like the US, which may not send government officials to the event, due to China's human rights violations and environmental issues. The Winter Olympics committee hopes to organize an environmentally friendly and clean event. China has invested heavily in making artificial snow due to its semi-arid climate, and the government aims to improve air quality in Beijing and neighboring areas. However, the risk of winter smog remains high, and the Chinese government has implemented an emergency plan to address environmental issues. The government has prepared for possible incidents due to environmental concerns, and various measures have been taken, such as moving industrial pollution companies and constructing wind and solar power stations. Although air quality has improved, the potential for smog to affect the event remains a concern.

Language: Chinese
Topics: ChinaWinter Olympics

European independent survey: Chinese vaccine is least effective among five vaccines

Duration: 0:10:18

Despite China having achieved a vaccination rate of 80% for its population, and therefore theoretically having achieved herd immunity, the government is still enforcing a zero-COVID policy. This has led to speculation that China's vaccine's efficacy may be one of the reasons for the policy, as the lack of transparency in clinical testing data has resulted in many countries refusing to import Chinese vaccines. While Hungary, a country closely linked to China, is one of the few nations to use Chinese vaccines, the government's lack of transparency in its vaccine procurement policies has drawn criticism from opposition parties. China's vaccine efficacy and its overall reliability remains a topic of global interest.

Language: Chinese
Topics: ImmunityChinaCOVID-19

10 Song, Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties——128 Finance and Military System (Liao)

Duration: 0:02:25.381542

Today's haze will focus on the economic compilation. First of all, let's start by discussing the story of Lia Tai Zu in Liao Zhai. It was said that he established the knowledge of taxation by throwing ash-containing smoke. There are approximately four types of taxation: the first type is the encirclement of fields, the second is the exemption of taxation for government-run farmland, the third is the encirclement of lush land by the diplomatic government, and the fourth is emergency measures for military preparations. People need to pay a heavy burden to the nobles for the people's military and extremely general nature. There was also a reorganization of local industries, with a focus on the establishment of marketplaces and nationalized industries such as salt, iron, and wine, which were highly valued during the initial stages of the reign of Emperor Yao Yi. You belong to the crown of Guangjiu, which is considered private but very important and rich in mineral resources. However, there is also government specialization, so the government adopted the use of coins locked by the Chinese Han dynasty. Large-scale minting of copper coins began, imitating the styles of the Song Dynasty. Among them, the oil money was updated before the Taiping money was too long before the Kang, and other children's money were all included. There are five types of military forces, one of which is the Guanwei soldiers, who are stationed in the prestigious Wang Hao Palace. This sentence is the first to act as the main one, with a so-called plan, where the Han people can be regarded as the second type, similar to the central march rate of the Song Dynasty, and the Queen's formation of the triangular number and the trial of Emperor Taizong. This category includes the failure of large leaders, military tribal leaders, and the transformation of residents in the Tongxia area into non-full troops. Other ancestors have always been able to accumulate and accumulate. The fifth type is the civilian militia of Jingxiang, and the fifth type is the Shu country army, which combines the oil-rich countries. In terms of rule of law, there are two yuan of intelligence, but there are very strict penalties for the four types of death, all of which are carried out at home, especially the many types of death penalties.

Language: Chinese
Topics: Ancient ChinaTaxation and Governance in Ancient ChinaMilitary Forces and Legal System in Ancient Guangjiu

108 The Boxer Rebellion

Duration: 0:08:01.163900

Welcome to listen to Chinese history, but so, the author and the nodes are wrong, the country changes in the year of 1900. The failure of the reforms did not stop the worsening national crisis in China. In the late 1890s, a large number of foreign missionaries came to China under the guise of preaching, engaging in espionage activities and frequently deceiving the Chinese people. During this period, natural disasters struck the country, causing suffering among the people. American missionaries such as Haines, Fuller, and others established churches in places like Daliuzhuang, leading to the rapid growth of their influence. The behavior of these missionaries and their followers in the local villages became intolerable to the people, who spontaneously organized movements to resist imperialist aggression, giving rise to the Boxer Rebellion and the formation of secret societies in Shandong, Henan, and Zhili provinces. These organizations set up altars, practiced martial arts, and claimed that after drawing symbols and reciting spells, they could call upon spirits to make themselves invulnerable to weapons. In 1898, the members of the 'Righteous and Harmonious Fists' (Boxers) in Guan County, Shandong, under the leadership of Qian Dechang and others, officially initiated the Boxer Rebellion. They established a central altar in the House of Affairs in Hequan, Shandong, with the village as the basic organizational unit. The Boxer members were mainly poor farmers, artisans, urban commoners, small traders, and transport workers. The local population rose up to resist the church's influence in the region, leading to conflicts with the authorities. Eventually, the government sent troops to suppress the uprising, resulting in the Boxers engaging in battles with Qing troops. Following a series of confrontations, the Boxer Rebellion led to the invasion of China by the Eight-Nation Alliance in 1900. The signing of the Boxer Protocol in 1901, also known as the 'Boxer Indemnity,' marked the end of the Boxer Rebellion. This unequal treaty imposed heavy indemnities on China, allowed foreign troops to be stationed in Beijing, and severely restricted Chinese sovereignty, bringing disastrous consequences for the Chinese people and marking the country's transformation into a semi-colonial, semi-feudal society under imperialist rule.

Language: Chinese
Topics: Qing DynastyBoxer Rebellion in Late 19th Century China

10 Song, Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties——130 Finance and Military System (Yuan Dynasty)

Duration: 0:02:49.251655

Today's guest speaker's economic and support views are generally different between the North and South regions, stemming from two different political perspectives. In the Jiangnan region, the tax system was initially based on the two-tax method but later changed to the cotton method, while the Northern region described a simple tax system. However, there is still a certain amount of water and ice taxes that must be paid separately, based on the amount of water used. Additionally, there are classifications for different levels of customers, such as full-paying customers, half-paying customers, and others. The government strictly monitors the sale of alcohol and other items. The currency used by officials is mainly based on the Song and Jin dynasties' currency, with counterfeit bills causing inflation issues in the past. This led to the devaluation of currency and more severe consequences at the end of the Yuan dynasty. The military organization known as the "drunken hooligans" was a unique group that consisted of noble children and was the core military force of the empire. In addition, the military could be divided into four types, with the Mongolian army serving as the backbone. Furthermore, there was the Han military group comprised of non-Mongolian ethnicities, who played a vital role in implementing new laws after the fall of the Southern Song dynasty. This group was known as the "volunteers" and often enjoyed special privileges in the legal system. The differences between the Mongolian and Han military groups led to unfair treatment in certain aspects of governance.

Language: Chinese
Topics: Military Organization and Ethnic Dynamics in Ancient China

10 Song, Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties——129 Finance and Military System (Jin)

Duration: 0:03:29.329297

Today's financial and Bizhi lottery is divided into two views, each with nine levels. The four days of the tribe imitated the two tax forensic certificates, showing that there is wealth but not deliberately or unable to be wealthy physically. They serve the country in different ways, either fixed on wood or 9000 differences. The former involves plants, such as anxiety disorders. It is important to understand their roles in advising and serving the agricultural industry. The latter does not involve plants and can be collected in advance before the highway is needed. This primarily becomes a property tax beyond talent, typically collected at a rate of 3%, although there are additional fees that add up. As for the official sales system, there is no mention of it. In the ninth year of the Great Knowledge, the raw materials for brewing, such as Danxi Iron, are checked in Xiangfan, among others. These essential daily items are mostly included in the coronal vein, especially during the most stringent periods. It is known that everyone needs to consume salt for healthcare, so there was often illegal trafficking of salt. Fake currency is divided into coins and old banknotes. Initially, coins were minted, followed later by copper coins, such as Zhenglong Tongbao and Da Ding Tongbao's paper currency in 17 patterns. These were very useful for travel, but eventually lost value due to financial difficulties and issuing more paper currency. However, the value still remained low, leading to financial chaos. When finances are strained and management cannot provide guarantees, paper currency loses its value. During Emperor Xuanzong's leadership, various types of paper currency were issued, but it was clear that inflation could not be reversed. This resulted in financial chaos and the worthless paper currency had no formal place. Traditional customs were based on the unknown, known as the Thousand Households, and Esquire Hu Zhang's actual index value was higher. After capturing North China, the military could be divided into four categories: the Forbidden Army in the capital, the regional militias, the border guards, and the distribution and enforcement system from Shu to Jin. At this point, the period of Emperor Xuande's reign adopted a more complete and refined approach to governing.

Language: Chinese
Topics: Financial Systems in Ancient ChinaGovernance during Emperor Xuande's Reign

10 Song, Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties——133 Education, Imperial Examinations and Academics (Yuan Dynasty)

Duration: 0:04:42.890113

Today's smog disproportionately affects the academic researchers in the field of distance education technology. In the past, the educational system in China was centralized and catered to different ethnic groups, with distinct institutions for different groups such as the National School, the Nine Mongolian Schools, and the National School for Women. Additionally, there were specialized schools for medicine and nutrition, as well as for Mongolian self-study. These institutions were all part of the central government's education system, providing comprehensive education. However, there were disparities in treatment and discrimination against certain ethnic groups, with better opportunities for Mongolian and Manchurian students. Success in examinations could lead to official positions, with Mongolian students often achieving higher ranks. Despite the focus on Han Chinese education, there were also advancements in other areas such as military education. Scholars like Zhu Jia contributed significantly to the field of education, preserving Han culture and influencing the Yuan Dynasty's educational policies. The exchange of knowledge between scholars from different ethnic groups impacted the cultural landscape, with the promotion of Han studies in Mongol-controlled regions. Notably, the study of special documents and the compilation of historical texts played a crucial role in preserving cultural heritage. The development of literature, particularly in the form of dramas, further enriched the cultural scene during the Yuan Dynasty, with renowned playwrights like Wang Shifu and Guan Hanqing making significant contributions. The emergence of novels during this time period, including classics like "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" and "Water Margin," signaled a new era in literary expression.

Language: Chinese
Topics: Yuan dinastyEthnic Diversity and Educational Policies in Yuan Dynasty ChinaKnowledge Transmission in Yuan Dynasty